Below is a summary of the calculus on the plane and in space. It is arranged in a table so you see similarities and differences in different dimensions and objects. It is not meant to be a complete list of topics or formulas in Math 126. Most of the first column is from Math 124 and Math 125.

xy-PLANE	xyz-SPACE
Objects: Curves	Objects: Curves	Objects: Surfaces
y as a function of x: y=f(x)		z as a function of x and y : z=f(x,y)
implicitly: F(x,y)=0	As an intersection of two surfaces	implicitly: F(x,y,z)=0
Parametrically or with a vector function: x=f(t), y=g(t) or r(t)=<f(t), g(t)>	Parametrically or with a vector function x=f(t), y=g(t), z=h(t) or r(t)=<f(t), g(t), h(t)>	Parametrically, using 2 parameters: Coming up in Math 324!
Basic Example of Curves: Lines	Basic Example of Curves: Lines	Basic Example of Surfaces: Planes
y=mx+b where m is the slope or ax+by=c. Any linear equation in x and y describes a line on the plane.	Intersection of two planes a1x+b1y+c1z=d1 and a2x+b2y+c2z=d2	ax+by+cz=d with normal vector n=<a, b, c>. Any linear equation in x, y and z describes a plane in space..
Parametric/vector form x=x0+at, y=y0+bt or r(t)=<x0+at, y0+bt > with direction vector v=<a, b>	Parametric/vector form x=x0+at, y=y0+bt, z=z0+ct or r(t)=<x0+at, y0+bt, z0+ct > with direction vector v=<a, b, c>	Parametrically, using 2 parameters: Coming up in Math 324!
Differential Calculus	Differential Calculus	Differential Calculus
First derivatives and Tangent lines to curves For a parametric/vector curve the direction vector for the tangent line at t=t0 is r’(t0).	First derivatives and Tangent lines to curves The direction vector for the tangent line at t=t0 is r’(t0)	First derivatives and Tangent planes to surfaces
If y=f(x) the equation of the tangent line at the point x=x0 is y=f(x0)+ f’(x0)(x-x0)		If z=f(x,y) the equation of the tangent plane at the point (x,y)=(x0 ,y0 )is z=f(x0,y0)+ fx(x0,y0)(x-x0)+ fy(x0,y0) )(y-y0)
Higher Derivatives and the shape of a curve For a parametric curve, we can calculate curvature and the TNB-frame just like for curves in space. B(t)=k at any point. If y=f(x), the curvature is given by	Higher Derivatives and the shape of a curve The curvature of a curve r(t) is given by The TNB frame is given by the 3 vectors
Critical points and the second derivative test If f has a local maximum or minimum at x=a and f is differentiable at a then f’(a)=0. Suppose f’’ is continuous near a and f’(a)=0. If f’’(a)>0, then f has a local minimum at a. If f’’(a)<0, then f has a local maximum at a.		Critical points and second derivatives test If f has a local maximum or minimum at (x,y)=(a,b) and f is differentiable at (a,b) then fx(a,b)=0 and fy(a,b)=0. Suppose fxx ,fxy, and fyy are continuous near (a,b) and fx(a,b)=0 and fy(a,b)=0. Let If D>0 and fxx(a,b)>0, then f has a local minimum at (a,b). If D>0 and fxx(a,b)<0, then f has a local maximum at (a,b). If D<0 , then f has neither a local maximum nor a local minimum at (a,b).
Optimization on closed and bounded domains If f(x) is continuous on [a,b], then it has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [a,b], either at one of the critical points in (a,b) or at one of the endpoints x=a or x=b. (The “boundary” of [a,b] are its two endpoints.)		Optimization on closed and bounded domains If f(x,y) is continuous on a closed and bounded domain D, then it has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on D, at one of the critical points inside D or on the boundary of D.
Integral Calculus	Integral Calculus	Integral Calculus
The length of a curve r=<f(t),g(t)> is given by where	The length of a curve r=<f(t),g(t),h(t)>)> is given by where
If f(x)>0 on an interval I then the area under the curve y=f(x) is given by		If f((x,y)>0 on a domain D then the volume under the surface z=f(x,y) is given by